'Discuss the biology of Alzheimer's disease' Essay

'Examine the science of Alzheimer's infection' - Essay Example The clinical highlights of Alzheimer's illness (AD) are, loss of transient memory, lacking in praxis (capacity to perform talented developments) and the ability of thinking and judgment (Doraiswamy PM, 1997). These manifestations emerge from inclusion of the transient projection, hippocampus, and the parietal affiliation cortices, with lesser association of frontal flaps, until the sickness is in its later stage. A second most unmistakable neuropathological highlight which is likewise present in AD is the complex, fibrilar stores in the cortex of the cerebrum; this is known as feeble and amyloid plaques. Amyloidal plaques have been the subject of AD examine lately. These plaques contain various proteins, including apolipoprotein E, and 1-against chymotrypsin (Carlos Morgana, 2004). The important part amyloidal plaques are amyloidal-beta peptide that is gotten from a beta-amyloidal forerunner protein. The nearness of another particular trademark, that is additionally present in differ ent dementias like Lewy Body Variant of AD and Fronto-fleeting dementia, is the rate of neurofibrillary tangles. These knot are intraneural incorporations that are made out of hyperphosphorylated types of a microtubule related protein known as tau (Peter H. St George-Hyslop, 2004). At the end of the day neurofibrillary tangles are the neurotic neuron totals present in the neurons of the patiets experiencing AD. Over the most recent quite a long while, because of the expanding frequency of AD, scientists have been focussing on the fundamental driver of this malady in everyone. Much research has been completed, and it by and large affirms that the general life time danger of AD in a first degree relative of somebody with AD is about 38%, by the age of 85 years. Three principle reasons appear to mirror an intricate method of transmission (1) single autosomal quality imperfections, (2) multi-quality characteristics, (3) a method of move where both hereditary and environmenal factors interface. The exploration likewise proposed that solitary a smal part of human poulation mirrored, the transmission as an unadulterated autosomal prevailing mendelian attribute. Late hereditary examinations have recognized four qualities related with acquired hazard for AD (presenilin 1, presenilin 2, amyloid forerunner protein, and apolipoprotein E) (Peter H. St George-Hyslop, 2004). The primary quality to be reco gnized as a forerunner for AD is the amyloid antecedent protein (APP). This quality is liable for encoding a then again grafted transcript which, in its longest isoform encodes a burn transmembrane that traverses a polypeptide of 770 amino acids (J. Kang, 325). This protein experiences a progression of endoproteolytic cleavages. This is intervened by a film related alpha-secretase that divides this protein in the A peptide area, and frees the extracellular N-end APP. The other cleavage pathway includes successive cleavages by the - and - secretases, hence creating a 40-42 amino corrosive A peptide. The second protein dependable is Apolipoprotein E. This protein in people contains 3 basic polymorphisms. Examination of these polymorphisms in AD unaffected people has indicated that there is an expanded recurrence of the delta 4 allele in individuals with AD. The third quality liable for AD is Presnilin 1 (R. Sherrington, 1995). Presenilin 2 is the fourth quality that was distinguished during the cloning of Presenilin 1 on chromosome 14. This quality encoded a polypeptide whose open understanding edge

Intercultural Communications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intercultural Communications - Assignment Example In any case, I am of Asian starting point, which is additionally my race. I am an understudy which depends on my work. Social Identity greatly affects how I see others and how they see me. These personalities have affected how I see the world regarding partner myself with a gathering. For instance, at school I can relate myself with others as a gathering of understudies. This has given me a feeling of having a place in this social gathering. These social characters have likewise positively affected how others see me. Despite the fact that I am of an alternate race, this has never been an issue in this nation. Others respect me and have acknowledged me as their kindred understudy. Information on social characters has helped individuals value the likenesses and contrasts among individuals. Social personality has impacted the people’s view and how they communicate with one another where they can relate to a specific gathering and feel nearer to the gathering. The more uniform that individual are, the almost certain that they will be viewed as individuals from that gathering. They will have the positive and negative traits of the specific gathering. Social character is vital in making social cooperation progressively reasonable by ordering individuals in different manners dependent on their similitudes and contrasts (Deaux, 2001). It very well may be capable of point similitudes among individuals in a social

The History of Orthorexia Nervosa

The History of Orthorexia Nervosa Eating Disorders Diagnosis Print What Is Orthorexia Nervosa? By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 24, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 22, 2019 JGI/Jamie Grill, Blend Images, Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Awareness and Prevention Orthorexia is not recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition  (DSM-5) as an official eating disorder. It remains a proposed diagnosis that is attracting increased interest by researchers, treatment professionals, bloggers, and the public, especially as a desire for healthy food has become more mainstream. Orthorexia is not merely veganism, a gluten-free diet, or a general appreciation for healthy eating. According to Dr. Stephen Bratman, the doctor who coined the term in 1996 to describe the obsession with healthy eating he had seen in several of his patients, “People can adhere to just about any theory of healthy eating without having an eating disorder (with the only caveat that such a diet must provide adequate nutrients).” Orthorexia commonly begins as an “exuberant” interest in healthy eating that escalates over time. What was originally a choice becomes a compulsion and the individual can no longer choose to relax their own rules. Eventually, the person’s restrictive eating starts to negatively impact both their health and social and occupational functioning; eating the right foods becomes increasingly important and squeezes out other pursuits. A person’s self-esteem becomes very closely tied to their adherence to their selected diet. Consequently, any deviation from the diet typically causes extreme feelings of guilt and shame. Dr. Bratman observes the irony of the pursuit of healthy eating backfiring and becoming incredibly unhealthy. History At the time he coined the term, Dr. Bratman was working in alternative medicine. Many “healthy” diets were touted as alternatives to medications, but Dr. Bratman began to notice significant costs to this approach. These included an inability to share food with others; an inability to eat foods previously enjoyed; an identity wrapped up in food; and guilt, shame, and fear associated with straying from the diet. Dr. Bratman discerned that for some patients it would be more prudent to relax about their eating than to improve or further restrict their diet. As a form of “tease therapy,” Dr. Bratman decided to invent a disorder his patients could focus on being cured of. He hired a Greek scholar to help him choose the name. The term “orthorexia nervosa” was coined to mean an obsession with eating the right food; “ortho,” meaning right, “orexia,” meaning hunger, and “nervosa” meaning fixation or obsession. He was making an analogy to anorexia nervosa. Dr. Bratman said he originally thought of orthorexia as a way to encourage his patients to loosen their own eating rules, rather than a serious diagnosis. He published the term in 1997 Yoga Journal article â€" from there it was quickly taken up by popular magazines. Dr. Bratman himself did not take it seriously. It was not until after the publication of a humorous book on the subject that he learned that he had “tapped into something bigger.” He learned that people were dying from the condition. Proposed Risk Factors Dr. Bratman (2016, IAEDP) described what he believes are several risk factors for orthorexia: adoption of a highly restrictive dietary theoryparents who place undue importance on healthy foodchildhood illness involving diet and/or digestive issuesmedical problems that can’t be addressed by medical sciencetraits of perfectionism, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and extremismfear of disease Proposed Diagnostic Criteria Orthorexia nervosa was the subject of an Italian study in 2004, which gave further credibility to the condition. In 2014, Jordan Younger, a popular blogger discussed having suffered from orthorexia. At this point, Dr. Bratman decided to study and write about the condition he had first recognized. It is important to note that there are no reliable studies on the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa. There are, however, according to Bratman and Dunn, “convincing case studies and broad anecdotal evidence to conclude that sufficient evidence exists to pursue whether [orthorexia nervosa] is a distinct condition.” In a 2016 paper in the journal  Eating Behaviors, Dr. Bratman co-authored with Thom Dunn, Ph.D. they propose the following diagnostic criteria. Criteria A All of the following: Compulsive behavior and/or preoccupation with a restrictive diet to promote optimum healthViolation of self-imposed dietary rules causes exaggerated fear of disease, sense of personal impurity, and/or negative physical sensations, anxiety, and shameDietary restriction increases over time and may come to include the elimination of food groups and cleanses. Weight loss commonly occurs but the desire to lose weight is not the focus. Criteria B Any of the following: Malnutrition, severe weight loss, or other medical consequences from a restricted dietIntrapersonal distress or impairment of social, academic or occupational functioning due to beliefs or behaviors about healthy dietSelf-worth, identity, and body image unduly dependent on compliance with ones “healthy” diet Other Features and Medical Risks Dr. Bratman reported that the condition of orthorexia has already shown signs of evolution since he first conceived of it. He noted that exercise is more commonly a part of it than it was in the 1990s. He also reported that incorporating low-calorie foods has also become a bigger part of the healthy eating associated with orthorexia. In cases where individuals pursue both purity and thinness, there may be an overlap between anorexia nervosa and orthorexia nervosa. Orthorexia may also, on occasions, be a disguise for anorexia by individuals presenting a more socially acceptable way of staying thin. Orthorexia nervosa may also cross over with bulimia nervosa and Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID). Belief System of Orthorexia Although the behaviors (dietary restriction) and consequences (weight loss, malnutrition, bingeing and/or purging) associated with orthorexia nervosa may look similar to anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, the main difference is in the content of the belief system. Patients with orthorexia primarily think about ideal health, physical purity, enhanced fitness, and avoiding disease. They restrict foods perceived as unhealthy and embrace certain “superfoods” perceived as providing special health benefits according to their belief system about what constitutes healthy food. In contrast, patients with anorexia consciously focus on weight and restrict foods primarily based on calories. There are other differences as well.  People are usually ashamed of their anorexia and attempt to hide it, but persons with orthorexia may actively attempt to persuade others to follow the same health beliefs. Those with anorexia nervosa often forego meals; people with orthorexia typically do not (unless they are intentionally “cleansing”). Finally, when a person  with anorexia is in treatment, they have no particular objection to being fed with Ensure or Boost except regarding the calories, whereas a person with orthorexia would object to the chemicals in those supplements. These distinctions in beliefs may be important. Dr. Bratman observed that treatment professionals’ misunderstanding of the concerns of someone with orthorexia may lead to treatment failure. Much to Be Learned Since orthorexia is only a proposed diagnosis, there is a great deal we do not know. For example, we do not know its relationship to the existing eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and ARFID. Nor do we know its relationship to anxiety disorders. Research is needed to refine the diagnosis, determine prevalence rates, identify risk factors, and develop treatments. An important first step is developing an assessment tool; a 100-question survey is in development to assess and diagnose orthorexia. One thing we do know is that, because it can cause malnutrition, orthorexia nervosa may produce any of the medical problems associated with anorexia nervosa including loss of menses, osteoporosis, and heart failure. Although treatments have not been specifically validated for orthorexia, clinicians, and Dr. Bratman reported that treatment that challenges the dietary theory and builds more flexible eating have been successful in the treatment of orthorexia. Seeking Help If you or a loved one shows signs of orthorexia, please seek help from an eating disorder treatment professional. As with other eating disorders, early intervention increases the chance of a complete recovery and minimizes negative consequences. If you dont have a doctor who specializes in eating disorders, speak with your primary healthcare professional firstâ€"he/she can most likely refer you to a specialized doctor. Be sure to discuss behaviors, day-to-day issues, and anything else related to your eating and well-being with your doctor. Orthorexia Discussion Guide Get our printable guide for your next doctors appointment to help you ask the right questions. Download PDF Oftentimes, people with eating disorders cannot recognize the power the condition has over themâ€"they may not even be inclined to speak with a doctor at all. If this is the case for you or a loved one, a doctors visit (and hopefully a discussion with a doctor) is a great first step. From there, hopefully, intervention in the form of realistic treatment options can progress. 4 Steps for Eating Disorder Recovery

Role of Women in Hesiod’s Theogony and Works and Days

14040833 Price Mythology 1060 17 February 2013 Role of Women in Hesiod’s Theogony and Works and Days In most Greek mythology there is a general hostility towards the female sex, which relays that most poets and writers themselves were sexist. Throughout Hesiod’s Theogony and Works and Days, women are portrayed in a very subservient manner, placing them far below men and are almost despised. However, in more than one instance, manipulation, women’s true power, is shown. They are constantly described as beautiful temptresses, which could be thought of as the weakness of many men. When Theogony and Works and Days are looked at as a whole it is obvious that Hesiod’s opinion of women, most likely shared by the Greeks themselves, is†¦show more content†¦The mere creation of women on earth was a punishment to man because of the devious Prometheus’ decision to steal fire and give it to mankind. As Hesiod describes it, â€Å"That’s just how Zeus, the high lord of thunder, made women as a curse for mortal men, Evil conspirators (148).† This alone sends the message that Hesiod believed women to be evil. She is created as a beautiful temptress, just as many of the goddesses are described. They areShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Women in Hesiods Theogony and Works and Days Essay738 Words   |  3 PagesThe role of women in Hesiods Theogony and Works and Days is outstandingly subordinate. There are a number of times in Hesiods text that despises women, being mortal, immortal, or flesh-eating monsters. The overall impression of women from Theogony and Works and Days, leads one to believe that Hesiod is a misogynist. 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In Works and Days, Hesiod attempts to expose Perses’s mistakes through the interaction of Prometheus and his brother EpimetheusRead More Comparing the Epic of Gilgamesh, Hesiods Theogony, and Ovids Metamorphoses3432 Words   |  14 PagesComparing the Epic of Gilgamesh, Hesiods Theogony, and Ovids Metamorphoses   Ã‚   There are many parallels between the Epic of Gilgamesh, Hesiods Theogony, and Ovids Metamorphoses. The first similarity is immediately apparent: structure. We can view the structure of the Gilgamesh story as three concentric circles: a story within a story within a story. In the outer circle, a narrator prepares the audience for the primary narrative, contained within the second circle: the tale of Gilgameshs adventuresRead MoreGreek Mythology By Homer s Odyssey, Iliad And Hesiod s Theogony2522 Words   |  11 Pagesof the Greek empire had different heroes with their own traditions, and thus Greek mythology was firmly tied to it geographical location. 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Ethnography Of The Blue House - 2284 Words

Ethnography of the â€Å"Blue House†: Plano Day Labor Center While making the drive on my way to school, my father decides to take a short detour to go pay his worker. It is early in the morning and still very grey outside which facilitated my usual slumber. This detour meant nothing more to me than simply that of a detour, but it wasn t until I was suddenly awaken by the car being strangely rocked like that of a small raft in the sea. Being nearly eight years old, I m instantly on high alert and very confused. There is a man in the passenger seat saying hello to me as my dad pays him for a honest day s worth in a moving job the day before, but surrounding the car are about 25 men eagerly trying to speak with my father. Not only was my early morning routine nap disrupted, I truly believed I woke up to a nightmare. As we drove away, my dad laughed telling me to say goodbye to the blue house. After this experience, I simply stated to my dad that I would never return to this place ever again. I was legitimately horrified and pledged to never retu rn. As a kid, I could simply decide to ignore and choose to not care for what I had witnessed, but as I grew up, curiosity and acquired knowledge promoted awareness. I simply became intrigued, and decided to confront a childhood fear. I was not expecting for this fear to then transform into compassion, but while gaining exceedingly more information, I have grown a profound interest that I believe needs to be exposed to in our society.Show MoreRelatedEthnography Of A Coffee House Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesEthnography of a Coffee House Introduction I gathered my information from Dunkin’ Donuts shop on the Third Avenue. Dunkin’ Donuts is one of the largest coffee shop chains in the world. I chose this because it is close to our house. When I first walked into the shop, I heard Chainsmokers’ Closer song. 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Introduction to Debt Capital Markets Free Essays

BUILDING TOMORROWâ„ ¢ Introduction to Debt Capital Markets Craig Rydqvist rbs. com/gbm Introduction My background Finance sector focussed education and experience but not ‘traditional’ IB route Education †¢ †¢ First degree – BSc in Management Studies; Postgraduate – MSc Masters in Finance (part-time). Work Experience †¢ †¢ †¢ KPMG – Financial Sector Audit and Consulting (ACA); Barclays Capital – Finance followed by Trading and Structuring; RBS – Finance followed by DCM Origination. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Debt Capital Markets or any similar topic only for you Order Now Current Role †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Director – Conduit Origination; Sell side origination, execution and structuring; Buy side transaction analysis as RBS is ultimate risk taker; Line Manager for Global Banking Analyst Programme. Mature version of Will from the Inbetweeners RBS00000 3 Xin Miao – 2nd Year Analyst, DCM Appears geared towards Investment banking†¦ didn’t know what they were! Education Work Experience †¢ †¢ †¢ LSE BSc in Accounting Finance RBS Easter internship (DCM) RBS Summer internship (FI DCM) Current Role †¢ RBS Graduate programme – First rotation: Investment grade corporate bond origination – Second rotation (outside DCM): Energy Resources sector RBS00000 4 RBS Investment Banking Model GBM GBM banking GBM markets Clients Equities Origination Corporate DCM and Risk solutions Syndicate FI DCM / FISF Sector and Corporate Finance Client Management Trading Sales Investors Corporate and FIG coverage Research and strategy Origination GBM Operations Distribution RBS00000 5 DCM Products DCM Products are varied and lie on a spectrum between market facing and structured †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Corporate Investment Grade Bonds Financial Institution Debt High Yield Debt Liability Management Loan Origination and Syndication Structured Finance – Securitisation – Covered Bonds – FI Hybrids – Structured Corporate Debt †¢ †¢ Private Placements Ratings Advisory RBS offers the complete package of DCM products RBS00000 6 What DCM Originato rs do Origination Relationship Building Distribution Client pitches Beauty parades Market Coverage Peer Group Benchmarking Pricing Documentation Roadshows Investor contact Best deal for client Constant dialogue with clients †¢ Pitching / responding to Requests for Proposal †¢ Indicative pricing and market commentary †¢ Execution Development of a diverse skill-set †¢ Analysis of market trends (historical and current) †¢ Presentation skills †¢ Ability to work across teams Day to day job †¢ Pricing analysis †¢ Continuous interaction with the market – new issues, market trends, demand drivers, rumours, etc †¢ Client presentations/meetings pitching for business †¢ Transaction facilitation including deal roadshows / investor due diligence RBS00000 7 Current League Table Standings All Currencies WE IG Corporate Bonds 15 September 2011 YTD Bookrunner 1 Deutsche Bank 2 RBS 3 BNP Paribas 4 HSBC 5 JPMorgan Total Industry Source: Dealogic Analytics Share Amount No. (%) (EURm) 9,277 52 10. 08 7,150 49 7. 77 6,294 39 6. 84 6,203 39 6. 74 5,951 26 6. 46 92,054 180 100 2013 Target Position: Top 3 All Currencies WE Corp. 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Loans 15 September 2011 YTD Bookrunner ? ? ? ^ ^ 1 Citi 2 Credit Agricole CIB 3 RBS 4 BNP Paribas SA 5 Barclays Capital Total Industry Source: Thomson Reuters Share Amount No. (%) (EURm) 3,217 27 9. 00 3,052 19 8. 60 2,561 15 7. 20 2,541 16 7. 10 1,961 6 13 . 00 35,593 68 100 2013 Target Position: Top 5 ? ? ? ? ^ Cross Border Private Placements 15 September 2011 YTD Bookrunner 1 RBS 2 BAS 3 Barclays 4 HSBC 5 CBA Total Industry Source: PP Monitor Amount (EURm) 4,543 3,994 1,902 1,775 1,528 No. 22 19 12 9 7 Share (%) 23. 80 20. 90 9. 90 9. 30 8. 00 All Currencies WE HY Corporate Bonds 15 September 2011 YTD Bookrunner ? ? ? ? ? All Currencies CEEMEA Corporate Bonds 15 September 2011 YTD Bookrunner ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 Barclays Capital 2 RBS 3 Goldman Sachs 4 BNP Paribas 5 Citi Total Industry 2013 Target Position: Top 3 1 Deutsche Bank 2 Goldman Sachs 3 Citi 4 Credit Suisse 9 RBS Total Industry Source: Dealogic Analytics Amount Share No. (EURm) (%) 4,161 35 11. 11 3,518 23 9. 40 2,922 18 7. 80 2,909 20 7. 77 1,820 16 4. 86 37,441 88 100 2013 Target Position: Top 5 Amount (EURm) 2,398 1,360 1,335 1,300 1,095 15,638 No. 13 9 8 9 6 37 Share (%) 15. 34 8. 70 8. 54 8. 31 7. 00 100 ? ? ? ? ? Source: Dealogic Analytics 2013 Target Position: Top 5 RBS is a market leader in all the major DCM products RBS00000 8 Major differences between DCM and †¦. Corporate Finance †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Corporate Finance has lower execution volume As a result lots of time spent itching strategic ideas DCM is more transaction focussed DCM bankers have more respect for your private life Markets Markets covers, sales, trading, research and other areas so it’s a little hard to generalise Markets work more driven by market psychology and sort-term trends and relative value DCM generally more macro-economic focus so interaction is with the client C-suite Equity Capital Markets DCM bankers are pessimists, ECM bankers are optimists DCM involves more ‘definite’ maths – bond maths is less ‘speculative’ RBS00000 9 Why might I choose to work in DCM at RBS? †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ If you are interested in how businesses work – probably at a slightly more detailed level You like maths that ‘works’ – less need to speculate on growth rates and uncontrollable factors DCM is the most successful franchise within RBS GBM and carries that kudos throughout the organisation The DCM analyst programme offers lots of variety with a minimum of 6 rotations, of which at least 4 will be within DCM If you still want to learn – we take analyst development very seriously If you want to work with great people DCM bankers have respect for your private life DCM is a great place to learn and develop RBS00000 10 Life of a DCM analyst Fast-learner Creative and innovative thinker Attention to detail Work well under pressure †¢ †¢ 7. 30-8. 30am start Daily tasks: – Morning meetings – Market updates/reports – Other updates e. g. company pricing †¢ †¢ †¢ Building models, producing presentations Collaboration: talking to traders, syndicate desks, Relationship Managers, other teams in DCM†¦ Analysts events: training, networking lunch Positive Attitude RBS00000 11 Pop Quiz Should these client queries be directed to DCM, ECM, Corporate Finance, Markets or somewhere else? †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Company CFO interested in divesting a non-core division; Institutional investor seeking to take risk on Greek sovereign default; Company CFO seeking to renew a syndicated loan facility; Bank of England seeking information on RBS exposure to Italian FIs; Company CFO seeking to understand the impact on his company credit rating of redeeming outstanding bonds; Company CFO seeking advice on complete capital restructure; Same CFO following up to understand how much capital she might raise via a rights issue and the effects of such a rights issue; Institutional investor seeking to attend a roadshow for an upcoming securitisation deal; Same investor seeking to switch his exposure in mortgage securitisation to exposure in auto securitisation; CFO of the same investment company seeking to raise capital in the private placement market. Collaboration is Key – we serve clients best when we leverage the breadth of our franchise RBS00000 12 Questions? RBS00000 13 This material is issued by The Royal Bank of Scotland plc (â€Å"RBS†) and is intended to provide the recipient (the â€Å"Recipient†) with a summary of potential transaction structures and terms and conditions that may or may not lead to transactions being entered into between RBS and the Recipient. Unless and until both RBS and the Recipient agree to, and sign formal written contracts, it is not intended that either RBS or the Recipient is, or will be, bound by any of these proposed terms and conditions. This material is confidential and is intended for use only by the Recipient and its professional advisers and remains the property of RBS. It should not be reproduced or disclosed to any other person without the consent of RBS and must be returned on request to RBS and any copies thereof destroyed. Nothing in this document should be construed as legal, tax, regulatory, accounting or investment advice or as a recommendation or an offer by RBS to purchase securities from or sell securities to the Recipient, or to underwrite securities of the Recipient, or to extend any credit or like facilities to the Recipient, or to conduct any such activity on behalf of the Recipient. RBS makes no representations or warranties with respect to the material, and disclaims all liability for any use the Recipient or its advisers make of the contents of the material. However this shall not restrict, exclude, or limit any duty or liability to any person under any applicable laws or regulations of any jurisdiction which may not lawfully be disclaimed. Any views or opinions expressed in the material (including statements or forecasts) constitute the judgement of RBS as of the date indicated and are subject to change without notice. RBS does not undertake to update this document. The Recipient should not rely on any representations or undertakings inconsistent with the above paragraphs. RBS is authorised and regulated in the UK by the Financial Services Authority. The Royal Bank of Scotland plc acts in certain jurisdictions as the authorised agent of The Royal Bank of Scotland N. V. The Royal Bank of Scotland plc. Registered in Scotland No. 90312. Registered Office: 36 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh EH2 2YB. RBS00000 14 How to cite Introduction to Debt Capital Markets, Essay examples

Role of women in Islam

A lot of assumptions and discussions surround the role of Muslim women. Sadly though, such assumptions and discussions have largely remained negative. The Muslim woman is perceived as oppressed by dictatorial fathers and husbands (Ahmed 18). Besides suffocating under the veil, Muslim women are also perceived to be forced into marriage.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of women in Islam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The essay is an attempt to examine the role of women in Islam.In addition, the essay shall also attempt to explore the kinds of variations from country to country regarding the role of women in Islam. Finally, the possibility of new developments to be expected regarding the issue at hand shall also be assessed. It is important to assess the role of women in Islam since the subject is riddled with a lot of misconceptions, especially by the non-Muslims. The Islamic religion has explicitly defined and outlined the role of women in Islam. Whereas the Islamic society relegates the role of a man to the public sphere, on the other hand, the role of a Muslim woman largely remains a private matter (Ahmed 32). Her primary responsibility is to be a dutiful wife to her husband, and also to ensure that her children are brought up in an upright manner. In Islam, women are regarded as a vital element of the family because they not only care for the children, but also because they ensure that the family remains united together. Islam encourages women to undertake all their duties with enthusiasm and devotion. The Quran holds women who take good care of their husbands’ property and young ones in high esteem (Baden 23). On the other hand, there are also other responsibilities of a Muslim woman beyond those of a wife and a mother. Islam allows women to take part in pilgrimage (Hajj). In addition, they are also allowed to engage in politics, exercise to vote, manage their own businesse s, and also to partake in gainful employment (Baden 23). Nonetheless, a woman’s psychological and physiological make-up may hold her back from assuming leadership positions as head of state or in the army. There is also a lot of debate on the social and spiritual role of women in Islam. Furthermore, questions of family life, marriage, sexual morality, custody, divorce, as well as inheritance, still abounds. Notably, Muslim feminists have been instrumental in such debates (Baden 24). Reports indicate that the participation of Muslim women in the labor force is lower, in comparison with non-Muslim countries.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nonetheless, there is little evidence to suggest that Muslim women have been discriminated against in as far as their contribution in the workplace is concerned. If anything, the strong Islamic traditions regards a woman as a mother an d wife first, and this could perhaps be an indication of their strong cultural orientation. However, there are exceptions to this rule. In Egypt for example, the modern service sector boasts of a large number of women among its workforce. This may be largely due to the socialist policies in the country that encouraged more women to take up job opportunities, along with their participation in higher education (Baden 26). In Sudan, there are a sizeable number of women taking part in the professional level jobs. However, the numbers decreased drastically following the military takeover in 1989. Consequently, thousands of women were dismissed from their posts as lawyers, doctors, nurses, and university lecturers. Bangladesh is also undergoing diversification in terms of employment opportunities available to women in the formal sectors (Baden 28). However, the issue of wage disparities between women and men still abounds. Even in the formal sector, Muslim men still dominate job positions . For example in Mali, there are very few job opportunities available for women. According to the Islamic law, men and women are equal with respect to responsibilities and rights. Men and women are both expected to fulfill certain roles but none of these diminishes the importance of women. An increasingly higher number of Muslim women are now as educated as their male counterparts, if not better. This, coupled with the spirited fight by feminists to champion the cause of Muslim women, we can expected to see more women assuming leadership roles both in the business world and in the political circles. Works Cited Ahmed, Leila. Women and gender in Islam: historical roots of a modern debate. London: Yale University Press, 1992. Print. Baden, Sally. The position of women in Islamiccountries: possibilities, constraints and strategies for change. September 1992. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of women in Islam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Role of women in Islam was written and submitted by user Kareem Marks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Symposium De Virtual essays

Symposium De Virtual essays Webster defines cyberspace to be the online world of computer networks, which only makes you believe that Webster has no clue what its talking about. Yes, it is a large network, but it is oh so much more. It has its problems such as cyber crime, hacking, invasion of privacy and other things that need regulations, but the main grandeur of the Internet, is spectacular. My Point of view differs from any I know, which makes cyberspace the concept of concepts. If a survey were being done on how people experience cyberspace, you would immediately notice that no two answers would be the same. Experiencing cyberspace is something that is different for every person. I myself, experience cyberspace psychologically, I experience it in my mind. There have been many attempts at trying to define the complex term, but up to date, no one has pinned the tail on the donkey. There cannot be one solid definition for a word that possesses so many meanings. I personally associate the word cyberspace with the idea of being able to travel to distant places without ever leaving my chair (which I rarely do). Obviously, I know that there is no way of visiting different places or countries using my home computer, but in my mind, when I see the location that I am connected to, it feel as though a part of me is there. The best part is that I can switch from place to place without having to walk a single inch of land. I dont feel a sense of distance or location, e xcept when it takes a long time to connect to a host. When I travel from place to place (site to site), I dont cover any known physical distances, but instead I cover visual distance. Just as many people do, I refer to the places that I visit as virtual worlds. I like calling them this because I never actually get to see the reality of the "world". I only get to see it electronically and digitally. The feeling that I experience while in cy ...

How to avoid procrastinating and get writing - Emphasis

How to avoid procrastinating and get writing How to avoid procrastinating and get writing Remember last year: the pain of putting off that report day after day, finally bashing it out in a blind panic the night before it was due? Not only does this leave you a stress-addled mess, but it means your cobbled-together work wont represent the best you can actually do. It could even mean you miss out on business you really should have won. Why do we procrastinate? We procrastinate for several reasons. Feeling overwhelmed by the size of a project; feeling out of your depth; fear of failure (or even of success); perfectionism; other tasks distracting you: these may all be to blame. Ultimately, as Mark Forster points out in Do It Tomorrow and Other Secrets of Time Management, each of these reasons stems from our reactive mind viewing whatever it is we have to do as a threat (risking failure etc). By avoiding the work, we avoid the danger. Only temporarily of course. In reality, we all know that eventually we will be in a worse position. Stop the putting-off cycle These tricks can help you start as you mean to go on (willpower required): Lie to yourself. Procrastinators are practised self-deceivers (Ill just spend five minutes on Facebook; Ill get up at 5am tomorrow to get started; Im sure I can write the whole thing in one day). Put this skill to good use. Mark Forster recommends lying to ones own reactive brain to stop it from feeling threatened. Tell yourself: I wont start the proposal now; Ill just get out the brief. With the reactive mind thus comforted, you may find yourself carrying on without even realising. If not, just keep adjusting the lie to take you a bit further each time: I wont start writing yet; Ill just make a few notes Ill just make a spidergram of ideas and so on. Little and often. Set a time to start and stick to it. Then work in timed chunks start small if need be (say, ten or fifteen minutes) and work up. Youll find an amount of time thats best for you, but dont exceed an hour. Again, to break through panic, try telling yourself youll just work for five or ten minutes. Once those minutes have passed, youll probably be in your stride already. If not, take two or three minutes off, and start again. Increase each work session by a few minutes. Take breaks. When the time is up for one session, stop even if you are mid-sentence. Knowing a break is coming can perk you up; taking the break allows you to re-focus, letting you come back refreshed and more productive than if you drag on for hours at a time. A quick change of scene even a good stretch can do wonders here. Set goals, but keep them realistic. A daily to-do list is best theres nothing like ticking off completed items (however seemingly small) for keeping you motivated to carry on. Of course, most resolutions are fated to be thrown out after a single slip-up. But to give in to discouragement after one lost day and start procrastinating all over again would be the equivalent of giving in to one slice of cheesecake, then despairingly deciding you may as well eat everything in the fridge. Youre left feeling queasy, angry and with considerably less to show for it. You deserve better.

Porter's Five Forces for Global Automobile Industry Assignment

Porter's Five Forces for Global Automobile Industry - Assignment Example er’s five forces are used in the evaluation of how potential an industry can be by looking at the five forces that are most likely to affect that industry where the forces that will be considered will be the ones that are responsible for the profitability of that industry (Williams, Hall & Champion, 2011, p. 117). In the automobile industry, new entrants are typically a threat that is not very high and the factors that are considered when determining this treat include the hurdles that might be experienced by the new entrants such as the start-up capital requirements since the cost associated with setting up a car-manufacturing factory is very high (Kachru, 2007, p. 770). Brand equity is also a hurdle that the new entrant into the industry might face since the entrant will not have any compared to the companies that are in the emerged markets and have been in the industry for a significant period. Other hurdles and barriers include legislations and government policies in regards to emissions and safety as well as the ability of the company to distribute the cars that they manufacture. For instance, Alfa Romeo has not been in the United States since the 90’s since they could not establish a dealer network as opposed to a place like Singapore where only one is required. Under most circumstances, the buyers of the cars have to bargain before arriving at the price, which they will pay to get the car they are interested in, and the quantity that a buyer buys is normally a good factor in the determination of this force (Edwards, 2007, p. 93). Even though the buyers that are in the automobile industry usually buy one car at a time, the still have a lot of power and this is significant as far as the bargaining is concerned. This applies in the emerged markets but in the emerging markets, the situation favours the industry more than it favours the buyers of the cars. Ultimately, the buyers always possess some buying power but the power that they have is dependent on

Ultimate Toronto Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ultimate Toronto - Assignment Example The current option is one that is based on fees that are used to create the right alternatives for those that are a part of the club (Ivey, 2012). This is combined with expectations for pricing changes that can be used. The finances can become an opportunity by changing the budgetary needs and prices to incorporate into the organization for growth and to change the other areas of the company’s needs. The research and development is an opportunity of the company. Currently, there is not a lot of research and development within TUC. However, the social nature and the affiliations with others are leading to more opportunities and changes that are expected with TUC. Promotion opportunities, known pricing and the development in the area have all been looked into and can create new strategies and development in TUC if they are expanded on (Simanis, Hart, 2008). The purchasing in TUC is a weakness. The company has identified ways to promote and change prices. However, the purchasing is still going into the foundational expectations for promotion and development, such as flyers, prints and advertisements. The known strategy for promotions is not combining with the purchasing that is developed for the sustainability and growth of TUC. This is combined with the non – profit status, which limits how much can be purchased or used (Ivey, 2012). The operations offers opportunities if a strategy is developed. Currently, one individual is looking at the strategies and opportunities while combining a promotional team. All other situations are run by volunteers and those that are a part of the teams. The operations need to be reconsidered in terms of being a non – profit. It also needs to be reconsidered strategically with human assets that can contribute to the growth of TUC. The operations then become a weakness that can turn into an opportunity of altered (Loorbach, Bakel,

The Power Struggle in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart Essay examples

The Power Struggle in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart is a powerful novel about the social changes that occurred when the white man first arrived on the African continent. The novel is based on a conception of humans as self-reflexive beings and a definition of culture as a set of control mechanisms. Things Fall Apart is the story of Okonkwo, an elder, in the Igbo tribe. He is a fairly successful man who earned the respect of the tribal elders. The story of Okonkwo’s fall from a respected member of the tribe to an outcast who dies in disgrace graphically dramatizes the struggle between the altruistic values of Christianity and the lust for power that motivated European colonialism in Africa and undermined the indigenous culture of a nation. Okonkwo's father was laughed at by the villagers, and was considered a failure. However, this was not true of Okonkwo, who lived in a modest home. Okonkwo's prosperity was visible in his household. He had a large compound enclosed by a thick wall of red earth. His own hut, or obi, stood immediately behind the only gate in the red walls. Each of his three wives had their own hut, which together formed a half moon behind the obi. The barn was built against one end of the red walls, and long stacks of yams stood out prosperously in it. Unfortunately, the clash of the cultures that occurs when the white man's missionaries come to Africa in an attempt to convert the tribal members, causes Okonkwo to lash out at the white man and results in his banishment from the tribe. Okonkwo had a bad temper which he often displayed: Okonkwo ruled his household with a heavy hand. His wives, especially the youngest, lived in perpetual fear of his fiery temper, and so did his little children. Perhaps down in his heart Okonkwo was not a cruel man. But his whole life was dominated by fear of failure and of weakness. The cracks within Okonkwo's character are not so much external as internal, manifestations of those aspects of his being that have been his greatest strengths: acting without thinking; never showing any emotion besides anger; inflexibility; fear of being perceived as weak and, therefore, womanly. Slowly, these characteristics that have served Okonkwo so well in the past, begin to alter the direction of his life. The first such incident occurs when Okonkwo accidentally breaks the W... ...s return to Umuofia at the end of his exile when he returns home. The white men send their a messenger to the village. Okonkwo is still enraged about Nwoye's conversion. He sprang to his feet as soon as he saw who it was. He confronted the head messenger, trembling with hate, unable to utter a word. The man was fearless and stood his ground, his four men lined up behind him. â€Å"In a flash Okonkwo drew his machete. . . . Okonkwo’s machete descended twice and the man's head lay beside his uniformed body† (204). In the end it is Okonkwo’s inability to recognize change that forces him to commit suicide. It is the white missionaries’ inability to recognize that the Africans did not wish to change which adds to his demise. The missionaries represent the ruthlessness of the white man in Africa. The native Africans were expected to accept the ways of the white culture, for their own benefit, or suffer the consequences. In this light the missionaries can only be seen as brutal, and anything but true Christians, but rather religious zealots who like Okonkwo wish to force their world view upon others. Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. New York: Anchor Books, 1959.

Dialectical Pluralism on Metaphysical Philosophy

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy responsible for the study of existence. It is the foundation of a worldview. Metaphysical Philosophy is marked out by two types of inquiry. The first aims to be the most general investigation possible into the nature of reality: are there principles applying to everything that is real, to all that is? – if we abstract from the particular nature of existing things that which distinguishes them from each other, what can we know about them merely in virtue of the fact that they exist?The second type of inquiry seeks to uncover what is ultimately real, frequently offering answers in sharp contrast to our everyday experience of the world. The two questions are not the same, since someone quite unworried by the possibility that the world might really be otherwise than it appears might still be engaged by the question of whether there were any general truths applicable to all existing things. But although different, the questions are related: o ne might well expect a philosopher’s answer to the first to provide at least the underpinnings of their answer to the second.Aristotle proposed the first of these investigations. He called it ‘first philosophy’, sometimes also ‘the science of being’ (more-or-less what ‘ontology’ means); but at some point in antiquity his writings on the topic came to be known as the ‘metaphysics’ – from the Greek for ‘after natural things’, that is, what comes after the study of nature. This is as much as we know of the origin of the word. Metaphysics is the foundation of philosophy. Without an explanation or an interpretation of the world around us, we would be helpless to deal with reality.We could not feed ourselves, or act to preserve our lives. The degree to which our metaphysical worldview is correct is the degree to which we are able to comprehend the world, and act accordingly. Without this firm foundation, all kn owledge becomes suspect. Any flaw in our view of reality will make it more difficult to live. Dialectical Pluralism, in philosophy, theory that considers the universe explicable in terms of many principles or composed of many ultimate substances.It describes no particular system and may be embodied in such opposed philosophical concepts as materialism and idealism. Empedocles, G. W. von Leibniz, William James, and Bertrand Russel are among the philosophers generally considered as pluralistic. Pluralism is opposed to monism and dualism. A complex situation involves a plurality of ontological kinds, and so invites the name â€Å"pluralism†. If some form of pluralism is true, then none of the standard â€Å"isms† stands a chance of coming to grips with the actual relationship between mind and physical world.The orthodox mind-body debate, attempting to force a complex situation into simple moulds, would be forever doomed to failure. The four assumptions dictate a certain l imited range of basic options, and eventually every option in that range would have been tried; stagnation and regressive oscillation would then be the natural result. In the long run, participants would have no choice but to embrace anomaly or admit defeat. Dogged insistence on working within the orthodox framework would result in little but baroque encrustations of irrelevant detail.In short, if pluralism were true, we would expect to see exactly the kinds of problems that have in fact been afflicting the mind-body debate. This constitutes a prima facie case for rejecting the four assumptions and embracing a pluralist orientation. Pluralism is perfectly consistent with a hard-nosed realism which divorces the question of what kinds of mental entities in fact exist from the question of how we talk about people and what concepts we may have.A realist pluralism of this kind does not try to read ontological commitments directly off our current language or concepts. It is perfectly will ing to allow that folk discourses and folk concepts are inadequate to the ontological structure of mental reality. Distinctions built into ordinary ways of talking need not reflect deep ontological distinctions, and there may be ontological differences among kinds of mental entities to which folk talk is entirely oblivious.

Russian Words Food and Drink

Food and drink are a big part of the Russian culture, both for social reasons and for the sake of good health, which many Russians take very seriously. It is not uncommon to have several courses for lunch, which can include soup-based starters, main dishes, and desserts. Russian family life is also centered around mealtimes and many people have a proper cooked breakfast every morning. Russian celebration meals are usually true feasts, which is not surprising if you consider the variety of flavors that Russia has developed due to its geographical location and historical connections. For learners of Russian, getting the food and drink vocabulary down is essential if you want to be able to participate in Russian life. We have compiled a list of the most used words. Breakfast Foods Russian breakfast can be hot or cold and is usually a sandwich, fried eggs, or kasha—a type of porridge that can be made of oats, buckwheat, millet, semolina, or pearl barley, as well as other grains. Buckwheat porridge is a traditional Russian breakfast food. Xanya69 / Getty Images Russian Word Translation Pronunciation Example КÐ °Ã'ˆÐ ° porridge/gruel KAsha Ð ¯ Ð ½Ã µ Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ±Ã »Ã'Ž Ð ºÃ °Ã'ˆÃ'Æ' - I don't like porridge. Ð ±Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ±Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´ sandwich bootyerBROT or bootrBROT БÃ'Æ'Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ±Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´ Ã'  Ð ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã ¾Ã ¹ - Salami sandwich. Ã' Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ° fried egg yaEEshnitsa or yaEEchnitsa or yeeEEshnitsa Ð ¢Ã µÃ ±Ã µ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã °Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã' Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã'Æ'? - Shall I make you some fried eggs? Ð ¾Ã ¼Ã »Ã µÃ'‚ omelet amLYET Ð ¯ Ð ±Ã'‹ Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð µÃ »(Ð °) Ð ¾Ã ¼Ã »Ã µÃ'‚ Ã'  Ð ³Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ±Ã °Ã ¼Ã ¸ - I would like an omelet with mushrooms. Ð ¾Ã ²Ã' Ã' Ã ½Ã ºÃ ° oatmeal porridge avSYANka ПÐ ¾ Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ¼ Ã'  Ð µÃ ¼ Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ºÃ ¾ Ð ¾Ã ²Ã' Ã' Ã ½Ã ºÃ'Æ' - In the mornings/for breakfast I only eat porridge. Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'  Ð ºÃ °Ã'ˆÐ ° pearl barley porridge pirLOvaya KAsha ПÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã µÃ' Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µ, Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã °Ã »Ã'Æ'Ð ¹Ã' Ã'‚Ð °, Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã'Æ'Ã'Ž Ð ºÃ °Ã'ˆÃ'Æ' - Could I please have some pearl barley porridge. Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ºÃ ° semolina MANka ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã ¹ Ã' Ã'‹Ð ½ Ð ½Ã µ Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ±Ã ¸Ã'‚ Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ºÃ'Æ' / Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'Ž Ð ºÃ °Ã'ˆÃ'Æ' - My son doesn't like semolina. Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ºÃ °Ã'ˆÐ ° semolina porridge MAnnaya KAsha ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã ¹ Ã' Ã'‹Ð ½ Ð ½Ã µ Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ±Ã ¸Ã'‚ Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ºÃ'Æ' / Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'Ž Ð ºÃ °Ã'ˆÃ'Æ' - My son doesn't like semolina. Ð ³Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ºÃ ° buckwheat GRYECHka ГÃ'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ºÃ ° - Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã µÃ ·Ã ½Ã ¾ - Buckwheat is good for you. Ð ³Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ½Ã µÃ ²Ã °Ã'  Ð ºÃ °Ã'ˆÐ ° buckwheat porridge GRYECHnyvaya KAsha ДÐ °Ã ¹Ã'‚Ð µ, Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã °Ã »Ã'Æ'Ð ¹Ã' Ã'‚Ð °, Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'€Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'Ž Ð ³Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ½Ã µÃ ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ °Ã'ˆÐ ¸ - Could you please bring/could I order one portion of buckwheat? Ð ¿Ã'ˆÃ'‘Ð ½Ã ºÃ ° millet PSHYONka ОÃ'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ã' Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ¿Ã'ˆÃ'‘Ð ½Ã ºÃ ° - The millet is very tasty. Ð ¿Ã'ˆÃ'‘Ð ½Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ºÃ °Ã'ˆÐ ° millet porridge PSHYOnaya KAsha КÃ'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ¸ Ð ¿Ã'ˆÃ'‘Ð ½Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'Ž Ð ºÃ °Ã'ˆÃ'Æ' - (Could you) buy some millet? Ð ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã ° sausage kalbaSSA КÐ °Ã ºÃ ¸Ã µ Ã'Æ' Ð ²Ã °Ã'  Ã' Ã ¾Ã'€Ã'‚Ð ° Ð ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‹? - What types of sausage do you have? Ã' Ã'‹Ã'€ cheese syrr Ð ¯ Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ±Ã »Ã'Ž Ã'„Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã'†Ã'Æ'Ð ·Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã' Ã'‹Ã'€ - I love French cheese. Ð ¶Ã °Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ºÃ °Ã'€Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ° potato fries ZHArynaya karTOSHka Ð Ã ° Ð ·Ã °Ã ²Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã º Ã'  Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‡Ã'Æ' Ð ¶Ã °Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ °Ã'€Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ¸ - I want some potato fries. Ð ³Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã ºÃ ¸ toast/French toast GRYENki ГÃ'€Ð µÃ ½Ã ºÃ ¸ Ã'  Ã' Ã'‹Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¼ - French toast with cheese. Ã' Ã'‹Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ¸ curd cheese cakes (fried) SYRRniki Ð ¯ Ð ·Ã °Ã ºÃ °Ã ¶Ã'Æ' Ã' Ã'‹Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ¸ - I will order some cheese buns. Ð ±Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã ºÃ ° / Ð ±Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ºÃ ° bun BOOLka / BOOlachka БÃ'Æ'Ð »Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ºÃ ° Ã'  Ð ¼Ã °Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¼ - A bun with some butter. Ð ºÃ'€Ã'Æ'Ð °Ã' Ã' Ã °Ã ½ croissant kroo-asSAN ДÐ °Ã ¹Ã'‚Ð µ, Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã °Ã »Ã'Æ'Ð ¹Ã' Ã'‚Ð °, Ð ºÃ'€Ã'Æ'Ð °Ã' Ã' Ã °Ã ½ - May I have a croissant, please? Ã' Ã »Ã ¸Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ¼Ã °Ã' Ã »Ã ¾ butter SLEEvachnaye MASla ÐÅ"Ð ½Ã µ Ð ½Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã ½Ã ¾ Ã' Ã »Ã ¸Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ¼Ã °Ã' Ã »Ã ¾ - I need some butter. Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ³ curd cheese tvaROG Ð ¢Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ³ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã µÃ ·Ã µÃ ½ Ð ´Ã »Ã'  Ð ·Ã ´Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã'Å'Ã'  - Curd cheese is good for your health. Ã' Ã ¼Ã µÃ'‚Ð °Ã ½Ã ° sour cream smeTAna Ð Ã µÃ ¼Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ã' Ã ¼Ã µÃ'‚Ð °Ã ½Ã'‹ - A little sour cream. Ð ´Ã ¶Ã µÃ ¼ jam dzhem БÃ'Æ'Ð »Ã ºÃ ° Ã'  Ð ´Ã ¶Ã µÃ ¼Ã ¾Ã ¼ - A bun with some jam. Ã'„Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ'‚Ã'‹ fruit FRUKty Ð ¤Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ´Ã µÃ' Ã' Ã µÃ'€Ã'‚ - Some fruit for dessert. Ð ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ° curd cheese bun vatROOSHka Ð’Ð ºÃ'Æ'Ã' Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ° - A delicious bun. Ã'…Ð »Ã µÃ ± bread khleb ПÐ µÃ'€Ð µÃ ´Ã °Ã ¹Ã'‚Ð µ, Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã °Ã »Ã'Æ'Ð ¹Ã' Ã'‚Ð °, Ã'…Ð »Ã µÃ ± - Please could you pass the bread. Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'„Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ'‚Ã'‹ dried fruit soohaFRUKty Ð ¡Ã'Æ'Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'„Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ã'  Ð ¹Ã ¾Ã ³Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼ - Dried fruit with some yogurt. Ð ¸Ã ·Ã'ŽÐ ¼ raisins eeZYUM БÃ'Æ'Ð »Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ºÃ ° Ã'  Ð ¸Ã ·Ã'ŽÐ ¼Ã ¾Ã ¼ - A bun with raisins. Ð ºÃ ¸Ã'ˆÐ ¼Ã ¸Ã'ˆ sultanas kishMISH Ð’Ð ºÃ'Æ'Ã' Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ºÃ ¸Ã'ˆÐ ¼Ã ¸Ã'ˆ - Tasty sultanas. Ð ²Ã µÃ'‚Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ° ham vyetchiNA Ð’Ð µÃ'‚Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ° Ð ¸ Ã' Ã'‹Ã'€ - Ham and cheese. Ð ³Ã »Ã °Ã ·Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã'Å'Ã'  fried egg (sunny side up) glaZOOnya Ð ¯ Ð ±Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã'Æ' Ð ³Ã »Ã °Ã ·Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã'Å'Ã'Ž - I will have a fried egg sunny side up. Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ³Ã °Ã »Ã ¸Ã º kifli raGAlik Ð ¡Ã »Ã °Ã ´Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ³Ã °Ã »Ã ¸Ã º - A sweet kifli. Vegetables Russians eat a lot of pickled vegetables, a tradition that was born out of necessity from living in a cold climate where fresh vegetables were not available for months at a time. Plate of pickled vegetables.    Russian Word Translation Pronunciation Ð ºÃ °Ã ¿Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ° cabbage kaPUSta Ð ºÃ °Ã'€Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ° potato/potatoes karTOSHka Ð ºÃ °Ã'€Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'„Ð µÃ »Ã'Å' potatoes karTOfyel' Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ ° carrot/carrots marKOVka Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã'Å' carrot/carrots marKOF' Ð ±Ã ¾Ã »Ã ³Ã °Ã'€Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ'† / Ã' Ã »Ã °Ã ´Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ'† bell pepper/sweet pepper balGARSky PYEryets / SLADki PYEryets Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ ° radish ryDYSka Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã'  radish ryDIS Ð »Ã'Æ'Ð º onion look Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã º garlic chesNOK Ã' Ã ¿Ã °Ã'€Ð ¶Ã ° asparagus SPARzha Ð ºÃ ²Ã °Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ºÃ °Ã ¿Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ° saurkraut KVAshenaya kaPUSta Ã'†Ð ²Ã µÃ'‚Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ºÃ °Ã ¿Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ° cauliflower tsvetNAya kaPUSta Ð ³Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ±Ã'‹ mushrooms griBY Ð °Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ºÃ °Ã ´Ã ¾ avocado avaCAda Ð ¾Ã ³Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð µÃ'† cucumber agooRETS Example: КÐ ²Ã °Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ºÃ °Ã ¿Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã'‚Ð °.Pronunciation: KVAshenaya kaPOOSta.Translation: Saurkraut. Example: Ð ¡Ã ¾Ã »Ã'‘Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¾Ã ³Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã º.Pronunciation: SaLYOny aGOORchik.Translation: Gherkin. Fruit Russian Word Translation Pronunciation Ã' Ã ±Ã »Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ¾/Ã' Ã ±Ã »Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ¸ apple/apples YABlakuh/YAblaki Ð ³Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ °/Ð ³Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ ¸ pear/pears GRUsha/GRUshi Ð ºÃ »Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ° strawberry/strawberries kloobNIka Ð ¼Ã °Ã »Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ° raspberry/raspberries maLEEna Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ´ grapes veenaGRAD Ð °Ã ¿Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã ¸Ã ½ orange/oranges apyl'SEEN Ð ³Ã'€Ð µÃ ¹Ã ¿Ã'„Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã'‚ grapefruit grape-FRUT Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ´Ã °Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½ mandarin mandaREEN Ã'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ã' Ã ¼Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ° blackcurrant CHYORnaya smaROdina Ð °Ã'€Ð ±Ã'Æ'Ð · watermelon arBOOZ Ð ´Ã'‹Ð ½Ã'  melon DYnya Ð ±Ã °Ã ½Ã °Ã ½ banana banana Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ³Ã ¾ mango MANguh Ð ºÃ ¸Ã ²Ã ¸ kiwi KEEvi Ð ¸Ã ·Ã'ŽÐ ¼ raisins eeZYUM Ð ºÃ'Æ'Ã'€Ð °Ã ³Ã ° dried apricots kuraGAH Ã'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã »Ã ¸Ã ² prunes chyrnuhSLEEV Ã' Ã »Ã ¸Ã ²Ã ° plums SLEEva Ð °Ã »Ã'‹Ã'‡Ð ° cherry-plum alyCHAH Ð µÃ ¶Ã µÃ ²Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ° blackberry yezhyVEEka Meat and Fish Meat and fish are an important part of the traditional Russian diet. For example, pickled herring is served at any celebratory or important meal. Meat and fish are often fried. Russian meal of pickled herring and vodka. lenakorzh / Getty Images Russian Word Translation Pronunciation Ð ºÃ'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'†Ð ° chicken KOOritsa Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã' Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ° beef gaVYAdina Ã' Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ° pork sviNEEna Ð ±Ã °Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ° lamb baRAnina Ã' Ã'‘Ð ¼Ã ³Ã ° salmon SYOMga Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ° cod trysKA Ã'‰Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ ° pike SHOOkah Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ »Ã'Å' trout faREL' Ã' Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ´Ã'Å'/Ã' Ã µÃ »Ã'‘Ð ´Ã ºÃ ° herring SYEL'd'/syLYODka Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã °Ã'  Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ±Ã ° dried fish suSHYOnaya RYba Ð ºÃ'€Ð µÃ ²Ã µÃ'‚Ð ºÃ ¸ prawns kryVYETki Ð ºÃ'€Ð °Ã ± crab KRAB Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'†Ã'‹ oysters OOStritsy Main Dishes The most popular main dishes are various soups, cutlets, and fried potatoes, as well as pasta and rice dishes. Russian Word Translation Pronunciation Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ¿ soup SOOP Ð ºÃ'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ¿ chicken soup kuREEny SOOP Ð ±Ã ¾Ã'€Ã'‰ borscht BORsh Ã'‰Ð ¸ soup ("Shi") SHEE Ð ¾Ã ºÃ'€Ð ¾Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ° okroshka uh-kROSHka Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ±Ã ¸Ã ²Ã ½Ã °Ã'  steak atbivNAya Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð »Ã µÃ'‚Ã'‹ cutlets/croquettes kutLYEty Ð ¼Ã °Ã ºÃ °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ½Ã'‹ pasta/macaroni makaROny Ð »Ã °Ã ¿Ã'ˆÐ ° noodles lapSHA Ð ¿Ã »Ã ¾Ã ² plov/pilaf PLOV Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'  rice REES Ð ¶Ã °Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ºÃ °Ã'€Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ° fried potato/fries ZHArynaya karTOSHka Ð ¶Ã °Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ºÃ °Ã'€Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ° roast zharKOye Example: ПÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã µÃ' Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µ, Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã °Ã »Ã'Æ'Ð ¹Ã' Ã'‚Ð °, Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ±Ã ¸Ã ²Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'Ž.Pronunciation: PrinySEEtye, paZHalusta, atbivNUyu.Translation: I will have the steak, please. Example: Ð Ã ° Ð ¾Ã ±Ã µÃ ´ Ð ¼Ã °Ã ºÃ °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ½Ã'‹ Ð ¿Ã ¾-Ã'„Ð »Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸.Pronunciation: Na aBYED makaROny pa-FLOTsky.Translation: Lunch is beefaroni. Desserts Russian Word Translation Pronunciation Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã µ ice cream moRozhenoye Ð ¿Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¶Ã ½Ã ¾Ã µ cake/pastry peeROZHnoye Ð ¿Ã µÃ'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ð µ biscuits pyeCHEnye Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‚ cake TORT Ã'ˆÐ ¾Ã ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã °Ã ´ chocolate shuhkuhLAD Ð ·Ã µÃ'„Ð ¸Ã'€ marshmallow zyFEER Example: Ðâ€"Ð µÃ'„Ð ¸Ã'€ Ð ² Ã'ˆÐ ¾Ã ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã °Ã ´Ã µ.Pronunciation: zyFEER fshukuLAdye.Translation: Chocolate-covered marshmallow. Example: Ð ¯ Ð ·Ã °Ã ºÃ °Ã ·Ã °Ã »Ã ° Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‚.Pronunciation: Ya zakaZAla TORT.Translation: I ordered a cake. Drinks Russian Word Translation Pronunciation Ã'‡Ð °Ã ¹ tea chay Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'„Ð µ coffee KOfye Ð ³Ã ¾Ã'€Ã' Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ¹ Ã'ˆÐ ¾Ã ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã °Ã ´ hot chocolate gaRYAchy shuhkuhLAD Ð ºÃ °Ã ºÃ °Ã ¾ cacao kaKAOH Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¾ wine veeNOH Ð ¿Ã ¸Ã ²Ã ¾ beer PEEvuh Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¸Ã'€Ã'‚Ð ½Ã'‹Ð µ Ð ½Ã °Ã ¿Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ºÃ ¸ alcoholic drinks spirtNYye naPEETki Ð ºÃ ²Ã °Ã'  kvas KVAS Ð ºÃ µÃ'„Ð ¸Ã'€ kefir kyFEER Ã' Ã ¾Ã º juice SOK Ð °Ã ¿Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã ¾Ã º orange juice apyl'SEEnahvy SOK Ã' Ã ±Ã »Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã ¾Ã º apple juice YABlachny SOK Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ºÃ ° vodka VODka Example: КÐ ¾Ã'„Ð µ Ð ¿Ã ¾-Ð ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ', Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã °Ã »Ã'Æ'Ð ¹Ã' Ã'‚Ð °.Pronunciation: KOfye pa-vasTOChnamoo, paZHAlusta.Translation: Turkish coffee, please.

Organizational Behavior Motivational Theories - 1440 Words

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Gender And Gender Should Not Be Legal Essay - 1987 Words

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Developing and applying theories in a pluralistic society †The Person Centred Method Free Essays

string(202) " may therefore need to enable the lesbian woman to restore her self esteem and her concept of being a woman, the traditional female roles, as mother and wife may not be stereotypes that she aspires to\." For this assignment I will be considering Carl Roger’s person centred method and it’s application to lesbian women in a pluralist society, I will be drawing upon the theoretical frame work previously used in my presentation. Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was the founder of the person centred method his theories are associated with the Humanistic psychology it is also associated with Maslow(1908-1970) and phenomenological approach. Phenomenology is a philosophical assessment of the individual it was developed by Husserl (1975), the focus is on the subjective experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Developing and applying theories in a pluralistic society – The Person Centred Method or any similar topic only for you Order Now The method involved requires the professional to suspend their assumption and interpretation of the client’s world, thereby allowing the client to interpret and explore their own experiences and thoughts. It is important to consider the context in which psychological theories conceptualised and developed. Humanistic psychology developed in the industrial age and in the 50’s and 60’s it therefore places great importance on the individual as a person striving for independence, self actualisation and their maximum potential. Dryden et al (1989) have also given an outline of the origins of the humanistic theory, that these were in the affluent era of the 50’s and 60’s in California, terms such as self actualisation, can be just a ‘slogan’ that is applied without any real meaning, when contrasted between the prosperous, optimistic society of California, it can have a different meaning for those people that are in poverty are unemployed or homeless. The concept of self actualisation which is considered necessary by psychologists such as Rogers can be explored in relation to lesbian women and how society conceptualises them. Homosexuality has been viewed by psychotherapists and psychiatrists as a mental illness, and was considered as such until 1974 when the American Psychiatric Association declassified it, however there was considerable opposition to this from psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and ‘medical model’ psychiatrists ( Mcleod J, 1998), in-fact psychotherapy was used to try to ‘cure’ homosexuality. Although the work of Rogers’ has encouraged progress and has been associated with movement away from the previous medical model of mental illness, one the draw backs of Rogerian person centred therapy out lined by Ivey et al (1997) is that it is a ‘highly verbal’ technique, which is over-concerned with the deeper meaning of life rather than tackling problems and finding solutions. Therefore it may not be suited to all clients especially those with mental health problems etc. Roger’s therapy known as ‘person centred’ and non-directive aimed to change the balance of power towards that of the client, and to treat the individual as a ‘client’ rather than a patient. However this point can be debated as to whether the balance of power is actually shifted and the control is with the recipient, rather than the provider of the therapy. Criticism of therapies, such as Rogerian, psychodynamic and cognitive behavioural according to Ivey et al (1997) is that they place responsibility for the problem with the client rather than considering structural, political and environmental issues that are relevant to the clients experience. The person centred method in relation to lesbian women needs to be applied in a way that is sensitive to them, therefore if the counsellor is male he will need to be aware that he does not impose his own assumptions and interpretation onto the client, firstly about his ideas about women’s roles within society and as nurturers, wives and mothers, secondly stereotypical perceptions about lesbianism. Feminists criticise models of the helping relationship which have their origins in the white middle class male ideology, they relate this to the way a patriarchal society oppresses women into submissive roles, Banks (1999) also questions whether male therapists can validate a female clients experiences in a male dominated society. Hetro-sexual women can also oppress lesbians through negative assumptions and homophobia that can lead to imposing our own values and assumptions about lesbian relationships, McLeod (1998) gives a good example where a female therapist tried to actively encourage her lesbian client to date men. The person centred approach places particular emphasis on the use of the core conditions, genuiness, unconditional positive regard and empathy, and its view of human nature is positive and optimistic in comparison to Freudian psychology. The core conditions out lined by Rogers plays an essential part in building a therapeutic relationship, between the therapist and the client. From my professional experience when working as education social worker relating to a teenage pregnancy, the girl was fifteen years old and Asian. I was surprised when she said that she thought she was a lesbian, however working with the young person and applying Rogers core conditions, of genuiness, empathy and unconditional positive regard, enabled me to realize that people need to discover their sexuality and who the real person is; society can place pressure on young people to conform to the norms of a white, heterosexual society and thereby place conditions of worth on them. Unconditional positive regard which is accepting the clients experiences without judgment is essential in building a therapeutic relationship, however if the counsellor has absorbed negative, homophobic assumptions about homosexuality, from the society that he/she lives in then these may consciously or unconsciously be transferred on to the client. Humanistic psychotherapist Don Clark (1987) has expressed that therapeutic neutrality is impossible to maintain, since we have taken on board society’s negative stereotypes of homosexuality, he has stated that â€Å"it is presumptuous to assume that counsellors who have been taught about valuable concepts such as unconditional positive regard are able to apply them with gay-lesbian clients if they are not aware of their own heterosexual or homophobia biases† (Davies and Neal,1996) A lesbian women may for example find it difficult to come to terms with her own sexuality, because of negative stereotypes and stigma associated with it, â€Å"Lesbian women are raised to view themselves as a half person without a man, they may see marriage as a door to personal growth, adult hood, freedom, and motherhood†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ( Davies and Neal,1996) the counsellor may therefore need to enable the lesbian woman to restore her self esteem and her concept of being a woman, the traditional female roles, as mother and wife may not be stereotypes that she aspires to. You read "Developing and applying theories in a pluralistic society – The Person Centred Method" in category "Papers" The impact of Homophobia on the self concept of a lesbian woman will create conditions of worth, therefore lesbians may feel they are not worthy individuals if they are not heterosexual, do not have children, have a male partner and behave as society expects women to do. Bradshaw (1998) has defined the concept of ‘Toxic shame’ in relation to internalised homophobia within the self-concept. This notion cannot be fully understood without the use of a more eclectic approach to counselling because it states that the self concept can become, fragile and a false self concept can develop, through denial, this may be conscious or unconscious but it will be due to the fear of discovery. Toxic shame can lead to the development of defences which can lead to alcohol, substance abuse, suicide attempts, distancing oneself from others, underachievement or over-achievement etc. Being functional or dysfunctional human being is particularly relevant to how lesbian women’s identity and self concept develops, becoming functional human being requires being able to use ones own organismic valuing process, which maximises the potential to grow and become the true self. The dysfunctional human being lives to meet the values of others to acquire love and respect. Coming out as a lesbian therefore is fraught with anxiety and even danger of rejection by family, friends and community. The primary question is will they be valued by society if they come out as Lesbian? The organismic need to come out and be accepted as a lesbian should be facilitated by the therapist to enable the client to accept their real identity; however the client should be ready to do this in her own time. Therefore acceptance from the therapist or social worker or other professional is an essential first step. However therapists as well as other professionals such as social workers can easily oppress lesbian women, an example from my practice experience when working with the Education Welfare service in a case where the child was not attending school regularly, during the home visit the client revealed that her relationship with her husband had broken down and that she had started a lesbian relationship, this immediately led me to make the assumption that the child’s non-attendance may be related to this new relationship. On reflection I noticed how easy it was to jump to a conclusion relating to same sex relationships and would I have made the same assumption if the relationship was with a partner of the opposite sex? Drawing from my own experience I notice how easily professionals from helping organisations can make assumptions that can lead to discrimination and oppression, when working in a refuge for vulnerable women that had been the victims of domestic violence, a Black woman with four children came to the centre it was assumed automatically by the member of staff taking down her history that the abusive partner was male. The woman found that she had to explain that she was in a lesbian relationship, and the abusive partner was another woman. This is a good example where social assumptions and stereotypes where women are perceived to be submissive, passive individuals that are the victims of domestic violence rather than the perpetrators of it. It also shows that assumptions are made by professionals regarding relationships that a partner automatically means someone of the opposite sex. The person centred method when applied to lesbians need to take into account the experience of the individual as a woman and also as lesbian her experience needs to be valued and respected, this method if used effectively according to Rogers, can build up the self -worth and self acceptance. However Davies and Neal (1996) state that few British training courses in counselling or psychotherapy cover working with lesbian, gay and bi-sexual people. They propose a model of gay affirmative therapy; this should be incorporated into other theoretical methods such as humanistic and psychodynamic etc. â€Å"Gay affirmative therapy is not an independent system of psychotherapy. Rather it represents a special range of psychological knowledge which challenges the traditional views†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Davies and Neal (1996) Gay affirmative therapy is an eclectic model that incorporates both theories. 2 important factors pointed out by Davies and Neal is firstly whether the counsellor is competent to counsel the homosexual individual, and secondly that it is important for the counsellor to examine their own ‘ideas about values, moral and lifestyles when working with clients who are culturally different’. This is the important factor of genuiness or congruence that Rogers has defined, Kus (1990), states that a therapist should be open and honest about personal prejudices that they hold about homosexuality, and refer clients on, however congruence can be much more difficult in practice, if the therapist or the client with holds information from each other in the relationship. Empathy is also an important core condition that was noted by Rogers with in the person centred approach, it is a deep understanding of the clients personal perspective of their problems, however it can be argued whether a heterosexual person can fully understand what it feels like to be a lesbian, similarly can a white person fully understand what it feels like to be black? This question exposes the difficulty of cross-cultural counselling, especially if the counsellor or therapist is unaware of the their own prejudice for e.g. non-verbal behaviour, body language or are ignorant about the issues for lesbian women. However it is important for professionals such as therapists not to assume that all lesbians need counselling for coming to terms with their sexuality, counselling may be required for a wide range of other issues as with hetero sexual women. R.J, Kus (1990) states that one of the most frequent criticism concerning helping professionals is that they get ‘fixated’ upon the homosexual life style and lose sight of the issues the help is being sought for, this means that the therapist assumes that the life style is the problem, despite the client stating other issues that help is sought for. The Humanistic perspective has contributed to social work practice by providing valuable criteria working in anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory way with service users, the most useful contribution is the person centred approach, which facilitates building of genuine helping relationship and listening to the service user. It also acknowledges that the client is expert on his/her particular problems. The person centred method has many positive aspects that can be used by social workers and other helping professionals, and aspects of this model can be incorporated with other theories to provide an eclectic model that can be used effectively by them. For example the humanistic person centred method is a valuable tool to build warm, respecting and trusting relationship with clients such as lesbian women, it will facilitate understanding their present situation, and how they view them selves within society and explore their organismic needs. Aspects of the psychodynamic approach may be useful in the enabling the client to explore their unconscious feelings and motives, whilst multicultural perspectives, acknowledge the cultural background and identity of the individual. I think that for anti-discriminatory social work practice that can empower the individual an eclectic model may be the most useful approach in a helping relationship. 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